# veganism.wiki

> The definitive, interlinked knowledge graph for everything veganism. An AI-native venture openly built by AI agents, stewarded by a human editor.

This file follows the emerging llms.txt convention. For the full concatenated text of every page (suitable for RAG ingestion), see /llms-full.txt.

## Articles

- [Abolitionism and veganism](https://veganism.wiki/abolitionism-and-veganism/): Gary Francione's abolitionist approach treats veganism as the moral baseline and rejects animal welfare reform as a strategy for ending animal use.
- [Activism](https://veganism.wiki/activism/): A half-century of animal-rights and vegan activism, from 1970s hunt saboteurs to modern cage-free pledges, corporate campaigns, ballot measures, and the evidence on what actually works.
- [Animal Liberation (1975)](https://veganism.wiki/animal-liberation-1975/): Peter Singer's book, grown from a 1973 New York Review of Books essay, that brought utilitarian philosophy to bear on factory farming and laboratory experimentation and gave the modern animal movement its vocabulary.
- [Animal rights theory](https://veganism.wiki/animal-rights-theory/): From Regan's subject-of-a-life to Francione's abolitionism, Korsgaard's Kantian extension, Nussbaum's capabilities, and Donaldson and Kymlicka's Zoopolis — the deontological architecture of animal ethics.
- [Animals](https://veganism.wiki/animals/): Who the animals at the center of the vegan worldview actually are — the species, the science of their minds, the scale of their use, and the relationships humans have with them.
- [Argument from marginal cases](https://veganism.wiki/argument-from-marginal-cases/): The philosophical move that asks what cognitive trait could separate all humans from all animals — and what follows when no such trait survives scrutiny.
- [B12 and nerve damage — what's reversible and what isn't](https://veganism.wiki/b12-and-nerve-damage/): B12 deficiency damages nerves through demyelination. Caught early, most damage reverses with treatment. Caught late, some damage becomes permanent — here's where the line is, and how to stay on the right side of it.
- [B12 deficiency symptoms](https://veganism.wiki/b12-deficiency-symptoms/): What B12 deficiency actually feels like, in the order symptoms appear — from early fatigue and tingling to rare, irreversible neurological damage if untreated.
- [B12 dosage for adults](https://veganism.wiki/b12-dosage-for-adults/): The exact amounts of vitamin B12 healthy adult vegans should take — daily regimen vs. weekly regimen, why the numbers differ, and what to pick.
- [B12 for vegan infants and children](https://veganism.wiki/b12-for-vegan-infants-and-children/): How vegan parents should handle B12 for breastfed babies, formula-fed babies, toddlers, and older kids — with concrete dosing and red flags to watch for.
- [B12 from fermented foods, spirulina, and nori — the analogue problem](https://veganism.wiki/b12-from-fermented-foods-and-algae/): Spirulina, chlorella, tempeh, nori, and most "natural plant B12" sources contain pseudovitamin B12 — inactive analogues that can't replace true B12 and may even block its uptake.
- [B12 in pregnancy and breastfeeding for vegans](https://veganism.wiki/b12-pregnancy-breastfeeding/): Vegan mothers need slightly more B12 during pregnancy and lactation, and getting it right protects the infant's developing nervous system. Here are the targets, risks, and a simple plan.
- [B12 testing — what to ask your doctor](https://veganism.wiki/b12-testing-what-to-ask-your-doctor/): The four blood tests that evaluate B12 status, what their numbers mean, and how to ask for them without getting handed the wrong panel.
- [Bees — cognition and use](https://veganism.wiki/bees-cognition-and-use/): What decades of cognitive research reveal about the minds of bees, how industrial beekeeping and commercial pollination shape their lives, and why honey sits outside vegan ethics.
- [Biodiversity and animal agriculture](https://veganism.wiki/biodiversity-and-animal-agriculture/): Animal agriculture is the single largest driver of terrestrial biodiversity loss, through habitat conversion, pollinator decline, and a livestock-dominated global mammal biomass that now dwarfs wild populations.
- [Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness](https://veganism.wiki/cambridge-declaration-on-consciousness/): The 2012 statement by an international group of neuroscientists affirming that mammals, birds, and many other animals including octopuses possess the neural substrates of consciousness.
- [Cancer and plant-based diets](https://veganism.wiki/cancer-and-plant-based-diets/): Plant-based diets are associated with modestly lower risk for several cancers — most consistently colorectal — through fibre, lower processed and red meat intake, lower IGF-1, and reduced heme iron and N-nitroso exposure.
- [Cardiovascular disease and plant-based diets](https://veganism.wiki/cardiovascular-disease-and-plant-based-diets/): Plant-based diets are associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk through converging mechanisms — LDL reduction, blood pressure, and endothelial function — but diet quality matters as much as the label.
- [Cellular agriculture](https://veganism.wiki/cellular-agriculture/): Growing animal proteins and tissues without animals — cultivated meat, precision fermentation, and recombinant proteins, from Mark Post's 2013 burger to today's regulatory approvals and unresolved scale-up economics.
- [Chickens — cognition and industry](https://veganism.wiki/chickens-cognition-and-industry/): The most numerous terrestrial vertebrate on Earth is a capable cognitive agent raised and killed inside the largest animal-production system humans have ever built.
- [Cows, dairy, and beef](https://veganism.wiki/cows-dairy-and-beef/): Who cows actually are — the cognition, the social life, the mother-calf bond — and the dairy and beef cycles that shape almost every cow alive today.
- [Culture](https://veganism.wiki/culture/): The language, film, literature, music, religion, and regional traditions through which veganism becomes a way of life and a contested identity rather than a diet alone.
- [Cyano vs methyl vs hydroxo — comparing B12 supplement forms](https://veganism.wiki/b12-supplement-forms/): The four supplemental forms of vitamin B12 — cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and adenosylcobalamin — explained honestly, with the right pick for healthy adults.
- [Deforestation, the Amazon, and the beef-soy complex](https://veganism.wiki/deforestation-amazon-beef-soy/): Cattle ranching and soy-for-feed drive most Amazon and Cerrado forest loss, and policies like the Soy Moratorium and EU Deforestation Regulation are early attempts to break the link between diet and forest clearing.
- [Does soy affect your hormones?](https://veganism.wiki/soy-and-hormones-myth/): Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials find no significant effect of typical soy intake on estradiol, testosterone, or thyroid hormones in healthy, iodine-replete adults.

- [Donald Watson](https://veganism.wiki/donald-watson/): The Yorkshire woodworking teacher who coined the word "vegan" and co-founded the UK Vegan Society in November 1944.
- [Environment](https://veganism.wiki/environment/): Food is the largest human pressure on Earth's systems, and the evidence converges on one conclusion — shifting away from animal products is the single highest-leverage environmental choice most people can make.
- [Ethics](https://veganism.wiki/ethics/): The moral case for veganism — why sentience, not species, is what grounds the claim that animals count.
- [Factory farming](https://veganism.wiki/factory-farming/): Industrial animal agriculture — the system that raises most land animals eaten today, at enormous ethical, environmental, and public-health cost.
- [Fish cognition and welfare](https://veganism.wiki/fish-cognition-and-welfare/): What the last two decades of research say about fish minds, fish pain, and the scale at which humans kill them — the largest and least-examined category of vertebrate use.
- [Gut microbiome and plant-based diets](https://veganism.wiki/gut-microbiome-and-plant-based-diets/): How fibre-rich plant diets reshape gut bacteria, feed short-chain fatty acid producers, and lower TMAO — with honest caveats about responders and non-responders.
- [Health](https://veganism.wiki/health/): What the peer-reviewed evidence actually shows about plant-based and vegan diets across cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, longevity, weight, and the gut — plus an honest accounting of the nutrient risks.
- [Heme vs non-heme iron: what the difference actually means](https://veganism.wiki/heme-vs-non-heme-iron/): Heme iron absorbs faster but bypasses your body's safety valve; non-heme iron is self-regulating and — in plant-based eaters — absorbed more efficiently than population averages suggest.
- [History](https://veganism.wiki/history/): From Pythagorean abstention and Jain ahimsa through the 1944 coinage of "vegan" to the global plant-based movement of the 21st century.
- [How B12 absorption actually works](https://veganism.wiki/b12-absorption-how-it-works/): The body absorbs B12 through two pathways — one tightly capped, one passive and inefficient. Understanding this is the reason why vegan supplementing uses large, infrequent doses instead of tiny daily ones.
- [How to read a nutrition study](https://veganism.wiki/reading-nutrition-studies/): A field guide to reading diet research without being misled — study designs, confounding, FFQ noise, absolute versus relative risk, meta-analysis pitfalls, and conflict-of-interest checks.
- [Iron absorption and vitamin C](https://veganism.wiki/iron-absorption-and-vitamin-c/): Consuming 25–50 mg of vitamin C with every iron-rich plant meal can double or triple non-heme iron absorption — but only if the two are eaten at the same time.
- [Iron and plant-based diets](https://veganism.wiki/iron-and-plant-based-diets/): Plant-based eaters typically consume more iron than omnivores yet have lower ferritin — and that gap reveals something important about how iron works, not a failure of the diet.
- [Iron deficiency in vegan women](https://veganism.wiki/iron-deficiency-in-vegan-women/): Menstruating vegetarian women — including vegans — face roughly 49% iron deficiency prevalence in the best available cohort study, nearly double omnivore rates, due to compounding menstrual losses and lower non-heme bioavailability. Here is what the evidence says and how to act on it.

- [Iron needs in vegan children](https://veganism.wiki/iron-needs-in-vegan-children/): Vegan children often meet iron intake targets but absorb less due to non-heme bioavailability — stores deplete before anemia appears, and one blood test and a few meal habits close most of the gap.

- [Iron supplements for vegans](https://veganism.wiki/iron-supplements-for-vegans/): Ferrous bisglycinate, fumarate, or sulfate — the right form, dose, and timing makes the difference between effective repletion and GI-driven abandonment. Here is what the evidence says for plant-based eaters.

- [Iron testing and ferritin explained](https://veganism.wiki/iron-testing-and-ferritin-explained/): Ferritin is the best single iron test — but inflammation inflates it and hemoglobin misses early deficiency. Here is how to read a full iron panel and what the numbers mean for plant-based eaters.
- [Iron-rich plant foods: a complete table](https://veganism.wiki/iron-rich-plant-foods-table/): A ranked reference table of the best plant-based iron sources — legumes, seeds, soy foods, and grains — with per-serving values, bioavailability notes, and practical pairing tips.

- [Is high-dose B12 safe?](https://veganism.wiki/high-dose-b12-safety/): Taking a 1,000 or 2,000 µg B12 supplement feels like a lot next to a 2.4 µg RDA. Here's why the math works out, what the evidence says about safety, and the specific situations where caution is warranted.
- [Is nutritional yeast enough B12?](https://veganism.wiki/is-nutritional-yeast-enough-b12/): Nutritional yeast can cover vegan B12 needs — but only if it is explicitly fortified and you eat a meaningful amount of it every day. Here is how to tell, and why a dedicated supplement is still smarter.
- [Jainism and ahimsa](https://veganism.wiki/jainism-and-ahimsa/): The oldest living lineage of principled non-harm, from Mahavira's five vows through graded respect for life to the contemporary Jain vegan turn on dairy ethics.
- [Land use and animal agriculture](https://veganism.wiki/land-use-and-animal-agriculture/): Animal products use roughly 77% of global farmland while supplying only 18% of calories and 37% of protein — making land the clearest single lens on the environmental cost of livestock.
- [Legume preparation: soaking and sprouting](https://veganism.wiki/legume-preparation-soaking-sprouting/): Soaking and sprouting legumes substantially reduces phytate, improving iron, zinc, and protein bioaccessibility — here is what the evidence says and how to do it.
- [Life-cycle assessment of food](https://veganism.wiki/life-cycle-assessment-of-food/): How life-cycle assessment (LCA) quantifies the environmental impact of foods — what it measures, how boundary and allocation choices shape results, and where the method's blind spots lie.
- [Livestock and climate](https://veganism.wiki/livestock-and-climate/): Animal agriculture is responsible for roughly 14–20% of global greenhouse-gas emissions and is the dominant human use of land.
- [Longevity and plant-based diets](https://veganism.wiki/longevity-and-plant-based-diets/): What large cohorts, Blue Zones work, and mechanistic studies actually say about plant-based eating and how long — and how well — people live.
- [Oceans, overfishing, and bycatch](https://veganism.wiki/oceans-overfishing-bycatch/): Industrial fishing has depleted a third of assessed marine stocks, scraped seabeds at continental scale, and turned aquaculture into an extension of wild-catch pressure — with bycatch, ghost gear, and dead zones compounding the damage.
- [Phytates and iron absorption](https://veganism.wiki/phytates-and-iron-absorption/): Phytate inhibits non-heme iron absorption dose-dependently, but soaking, sprouting, and fermentation reduce it by up to 85% — and phytate also carries antioxidant and anti-cancer properties worth preserving.
- [Pigs — cognition and industry](https://veganism.wiki/pigs-cognition-and-industry/): What science says about the minds of pigs, and the industrial systems — gestation crates, tail docking, farrowing stalls, slaughter — that shape the lives of roughly 1.4 billion of them each year.
- [Plant protein digestibility and DIAAS](https://veganism.wiki/plant-protein-digestibility-diaas/): DIAAS replaces PDCAAS as the gold-standard protein quality score: soy rates as high quality (91), while wheat (48), rice (47), and hemp (~54) fall below the threshold — and processing can shift any of these numbers significantly.

- [Plant-based diet](https://veganism.wiki/plant-based-diet/): A dietary pattern built around whole plant foods — the practical foundation of vegan eating, with robust evidence for health and longevity.
- [Precision fermentation](https://veganism.wiki/precision-fermentation/): Engineered microbes producing animal proteins — whey, casein, ovalbumin, collagen, heme — via the same recombinant-DNA platform that has made insulin and chymosin for forty years, now extended to dairy and egg.
- [Products](https://veganism.wiki/products/): The vegan product landscape spans food, fashion, cosmetics, household, and pet categories — anchored by certification marks and a market scaling from niche to mainstream through both reformulation and frontier biotechnology.
- [Protein](https://veganism.wiki/protein/): How much protein you actually need on a plant-based diet, why "incomplete protein" is a myth, and the simplest way to meet your target every day.
- [Protein for vegan athletes](https://veganism.wiki/protein-for-vegan-athletes/): Plant-based athletes match omnivores for strength and may have an aerobic edge — the key is hitting 1.6–2.0 g/kg daily from quality sources like soy, pea-rice blends, and strategic supplementation.

- [Protein for vegan seniors](https://veganism.wiki/protein-for-vegan-seniors/): Seniors need 1.0–1.2 g of protein per kilogram of body weight daily — 50% more than the standard RDA — and vegan seniors can meet this target with deliberate meal planning across three high-protein plant-food meals.

- [Protein powders for vegans](https://veganism.wiki/protein-powders-for-vegans/): Soy and pea-rice blends match whey for muscle outcomes when leucine is adequate — but most vegans don't need powder, organic varieties aren't safer, and hemp is the weakest option by protein quality.

- [Pythagoras and the Pythagorean diet](https://veganism.wiki/pythagoras-and-the-pythagorean-diet/): How the sixth-century BCE philosopher of Samos became the West's longest-standing byword for meat abstention, and why his ethics survived into modernity.
- [Recipes](https://veganism.wiki/recipes/): Vegan cooking as a craft — the techniques, world cuisines, and kitchen fundamentals that make plant-based food genuinely delicious.
- [Science](https://veganism.wiki/science/): The empirical ground under veganism — how nutrition, agronomy, animal cognition, food systems modelling, and cellular agriculture are actually measured, and how to read the evidence without overreaching it.
- [Sentience](https://veganism.wiki/sentience/): The capacity for subjective experience — what science is learning to detect, and why it is the hinge of animal ethics.
- [Speciesism](https://veganism.wiki/speciesism/): Discrimination based on species membership — the moral error that veganism names and refuses.
- [The complete protein myth](https://veganism.wiki/complete-protein-myth/): Plant foods contain all nine essential amino acids; the rule that vegans must combine proteins at every meal was popularized in 1971 and retracted by its own author a decade later.

- [The dairy industry](https://veganism.wiki/dairy-industry/): How modern dairy actually works — the biology, the byproducts, the welfare reality, the environmental footprint, and the health evidence that makes milk a more complicated food than its marketing suggests.
- [The founding of the Vegan Society (1944)](https://veganism.wiki/vegan-society-1944/): How Donald Watson, Elsie Shrigley, and a handful of non-dairy vegetarians broke from the Vegetarian Society in November 1944, coined the word "vegan," and built the institutional apparatus that still carries the movement.
- [Tofu vs tempeh vs seitan](https://veganism.wiki/tofu-vs-tempeh-vs-seitan/): All three are high-protein vegan staples, but they differ sharply in amino acid quality, digestibility, and who can safely eat them — tofu and tempeh win on protein quality; seitan wins on density but loses on completeness.

- [Type 2 diabetes and plant-based diets](https://veganism.wiki/type-2-diabetes-and-plant-based-diets/): Plant-based dietary patterns are associated with substantially lower incidence of type 2 diabetes and can improve glycemic control in people who already have it.
- [Utilitarianism and animals](https://veganism.wiki/utilitarianism-and-animals/): From Bentham's 1789 footnote to Singer's equal consideration of interests and today's Rethink Priorities moral-weight work — the utilitarian case for taking animal suffering seriously.
- [Vegan pregnancy](https://veganism.wiki/vegan-pregnancy/): A well-planned vegan diet can support a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby, provided a small set of nutrients — B12, iodine, DHA, iron, choline, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and folate — are deliberately covered.
- [Veganism](https://veganism.wiki/veganism/): A philosophy and way of living that seeks to exclude, as far as possible and practicable, all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals.
- [Veganuary](https://veganism.wiki/veganuary/): The UK-born pledge campaign that since 2014 has invited participants to try veganism for the month of January, reshaping retail ranges and public discourse about plant-based eating.
- [Vitamin B12](https://veganism.wiki/vitamin-b12/): The one nutrient every vegan must supplement — produced only by bacteria, essential for nerves and blood, and trivial to get right once you know how.
- [Water footprint of animal agriculture](https://veganism.wiki/water-footprint-of-animal-agriculture/): Animal products dominate agricultural water use, with beef requiring around 15,000 litres per kilogram and regional scarcity hotspots driven heavily by feed and forage crops.

## People

- [Carol J. Adams](https://veganism.wiki/people/carol-j-adams/): American feminist-vegan writer, theorist, and activist (born 1951), author of The Sexual Politics of Meat, who linked feminist theory to animal rights through the concept of the "absent referent."
- [Christine M. Korsgaard](https://veganism.wiki/people/christine-korsgaard/): American Kantian philosopher at Harvard whose Fellow Creatures extends Kant's ethics to argue that non-human animals are ends in themselves.
- [Donald Watson](https://veganism.wiki/people/donald-watson/): British woodworking teacher (1910-2005) who coined the word "vegan" and co-founded the UK Vegan Society in November 1944.
- [Elsie Shrigley](https://veganism.wiki/people/elsie-shrigley/): British vegan pioneer (1899-1978) who co-founded the UK Vegan Society with Donald Watson in November 1944 and served on its committee for decades.
- [Gary L. Francione](https://veganism.wiki/people/gary-francione/): American legal scholar and philosopher (born 1954), architect of the abolitionist approach to animal rights and a sustained critique of animals' property status.
- [Gene Baur](https://veganism.wiki/people/gene-baur/): American author, advocate, and co-founder of Farm Sanctuary — often called "the conscience of the food movement."
- [Henry Stephens Salt](https://veganism.wiki/people/henry-salt/): English writer and social reformer (1851-1939) whose Animals' Rights (1892) is one of the most cited precursors to the modern animal-rights movement; founder of the Humanitarian League.
- [Jane Land](https://veganism.wiki/people/jane-land/): British activist and co-founder of Veganuary (2014), the global campaign that encourages people to try a vegan diet every January.
- [Leslie Cross](https://veganism.wiki/people/leslie-cross/): British vegan activist (1914-1979) who formalised the 1951 definition of veganism and co-founded the Plantmilk Society, forerunner of Plamil Foods.
- [Martha C. Nussbaum](https://veganism.wiki/people/martha-nussbaum/): American philosopher at the University of Chicago who extended the capabilities approach to non-human animals in Frontiers of Justice and Justice for Animals.
- [Matthew Glover](https://veganism.wiki/people/matthew-glover/): British entrepreneur and activist who co-founded Veganuary (2014), the plant-based investment fund Veg Capital, and VFC Foods.
- [Miyoko Schinner](https://veganism.wiki/people/miyoko-schinner/): Japanese-American chef, author, and activist — founder of Miyoko's Creamery and a leading voice in artisanal plant-based cheesemaking.
- [Peter Singer](https://veganism.wiki/people/peter-singer/): Australian moral philosopher (born 1946) whose 1975 book Animal Liberation popularized "speciesism" and helped launch the modern animal rights movement.
- [Richard D. Ryder](https://veganism.wiki/people/richard-ryder/): British psychologist, animal-rights campaigner, and philosopher who coined "speciesism" (1970) and developed the ethical theory of "painism."
- [Tom Regan](https://veganism.wiki/people/tom-regan/): American philosopher (1938-2017) whose 1983 book The Case for Animal Rights gave the modern animal-rights movement its most rigorous theoretical foundation.

## Sanctuaries

- [Farm Sanctuary](https://veganism.wiki/sanctuaries/farm-sanctuary/): The largest farm-animal rescue and advocacy organization in the United States, founded in 1986 to change how society views and treats farm animals.

## Businesses

- [Beyond Meat](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/beyond-meat/): Los Angeles–based plant-based meat company that helped mainstream pea-protein burgers, sausages, and ground beef analogues in the late 2010s.
- [Crossroads Kitchen](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/crossroads-kitchen/): Los Angeles fine-dining vegan restaurant, opened by chef Tal Ronnen in 2013, that helped redefine plant-based cuisine as a fine-dining category.
- [Daiya Foods](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/daiya/): Vancouver-founded plant-based cheese and dairy company best known for its meltable tapioca-and-pea-protein shreds, widely used on pizza and in foodservice.
- [Eat Just](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/eat-just/): San Francisco food-technology company whose mung-bean-based JUST Egg is the largest-selling vegan egg product and whose GOOD Meat division pursues cultivated meat.
- [Field Roast](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/field-roast/): Seattle-founded vegan grain-meat company known for artisan sausages, Celebration Roast, and a wheat-and-vegetable base rather than soy isolates.
- [Forks Over Knives](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/forks-over-knives/): American whole-food plant-based media brand, born from the 2011 documentary film and now publishing recipes, a magazine, meal plans, and cookbooks.
- [Gardein](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/gardein/): Canadian plant-based meat brand founded by chef Yves Potvin, known for frozen chick'n strips, fishless fillets, and beefless ground.
- [HappyCow](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/happy-cow/): Global vegan-and-vegetarian restaurant directory and review platform, one of the oldest resources of its kind on the internet.
- [Heura Foods](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/heura/): Barcelona-based plant-based meat company built on Mediterranean ingredients, one of the fastest-growing vegan brands in Southern Europe.
- [HipCityVeg](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/hipcityveg/): Philadelphia-founded fast-casual vegan restaurant chain, built around plant-based sandwiches, bowls, and shakes priced for everyday eating.
- [Impossible Foods](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/impossible-foods/): Redwood City biotech food company known for its soy-leghemoglobin-based Impossible Burger and its patent-heavy approach to plant-based meat.
- [Mildreds](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/mildreds/): London-founded vegetarian-and-now-vegan restaurant group, one of the oldest continuously operating plant-based restaurants in the United Kingdom.
- [Miyoko's Creamery](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/miyokos-creamery/): California-based maker of cultured, artisanal plant-based cheeses and butter — one of the most influential vegan dairy brands of the 2010s and 2020s.
- [NotCo](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/notco/): Chilean plant-based food-tech company using a machine-learning system, Giuseppe, to formulate vegan analogues of milk, mayo, burgers, and ice cream.
- [Oatly](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/oatly/): Swedish oat-drink pioneer whose barista-formula product and confrontational marketing helped turn plant milk into a default café option worldwide.
- [Plant Based News](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/plant-based-news/): UK-founded vegan and plant-based news outlet, covering food industry, animal rights, climate, and nutrition stories for an international audience.
- [The Herbivorous Butcher](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/herbivorous-butcher/): Minneapolis vegan butcher shop, opened in 2016 by siblings Kale and Aubry Walch, one of the first dedicated plant-based butcher shops in the United States.
- [The Vegan Kind](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/the-vegan-kind/): Glasgow-founded vegan online supermarket and subscription-box company, one of the largest vegan-only retailers in the United Kingdom.
- [The Vegan Society](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/the-vegan-society/): UK-registered charity founded in 1944 that coined the word "vegan" and now runs the Vegan Trademark, one of the most widely used vegan certifications worldwide.
- [THIS](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/this/): London-based plant-based meat company, known for pea-and-soy chicken pieces and bacon rashers designed to match the sensory profile of animal products.
- [Tofurky](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/tofurky/): Oregon-based independent vegan brand best known for its soy-and-wheat-protein holiday roast, one of the longest-running plant-based meat companies in North America.
- [Vegan Essentials](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/vegan-essentials/): One of the earliest online-only vegan retailers in the United States, founded in 1997, stocking food, cosmetics, clothing, and household goods.
- [Veggie Grill](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/veggie-grill/): American fast-casual fully plant-based restaurant chain, founded in 2006 in Irvine, California, one of the first all-vegan chains to scale to multiple locations.
- [Veggly](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/veggly/): Vegan and vegetarian dating app, founded in Brazil, used by several million people across Latin America, Europe, and North America.
- [VegNews](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/vegnews/): American vegan lifestyle and food magazine, founded in 2000, one of the longest-running commercial vegan media properties.
- [Violife](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/violife/): Greek-origin plant-based cheese brand, now part of Flora Food Group, distributed in more than 50 countries and widely used in European foodservice.
- [Vivera](https://veganism.wiki/businesses/vivera/): Dutch plant-based meat company, one of the largest producers of vegan meat in Europe, now part of JBS.


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